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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their sole aim is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have big heads with highly altered powerful jaws so enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, such as juveniles, they are fed by employees.5556 Fontanelles, easy holes in the forehead that exude defensive secretionsare a feature of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species have been easily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers' larger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers may utilize their globular (phragmotic) heads to block their narrow tunnels.58 Different types of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, which have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers are able to spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes in their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation has an important role in nasute nutrition.60.
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a fertile female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her life.62 In some species, the abdomen of this queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of the year, and huge swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others might further moult to become soldiers alates.
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Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are entirely female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are both diploid and develop from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, male and female workers may have different functions in a termite colony.63.
The entire life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and undergo a series of moults as they grow.
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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time frame depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed thembut workers also get involved in content the social life of the colony and also have certain other activities to achieve like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Termite alates only depart the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate males and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they perform , they excavate a room big enough for both, shut up the entrance and move to partner.70 After mating, the pair never go outdoors and spend the remainder of their lives in the nest.
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For example, alates in certain species emerge during the day in summer while some emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with a great deal of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the larger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is a few years old.53 At maturity, a main queen has a fantastic capacity to lay eggs. In certain species, the mature queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and might produce 40,000 eggs per day.72 Both adult ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to several times greater than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees offer assistance.